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'Analysis of age-pyramids for human population can provide important inputs for long-term planning strategies.' Explain.

Analysis of age pyramids for human population can provide important inputs for long-term planning strategies. The different age groups present in a population determine its reproductive status. Distribution of age groups highly influences the growth of the population. Each population displays following three ecological ages or age groups:

1. Pre-reproductive

2. Reproductive

3. Post-reproductive

Population having large number of young members grows rapidly, while, the population having more number of post-reproductive members tends to be declining. There are basically three types of age pyramids they are as follows:

Therefore, through the thorough analysis of the age pyramids of a particular population, the distribution of resources can be done more efficiently. A better planning strategy can be adopted considering the demand of the resource; thus, long-term management of resources can be done in such a way that the population can derive maximum benefit with minimum effects on nature, leading the population to flourish efficiently.

List the attributes that populations possess but not the individuals.

If the population growing exponentially doubles in size in 3 years, what is the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of the population?

Name important defence mechanisms in plants against herhivory.

List any three important characteristics of a population and explain.

With the help of suitable diagram describe the logistic population growth curve.

Write short notes on :
(a) adaptations of desert plants and animals.

(b) adaptations of plants to water scarcity.

(c) behavioural adaptations in animals.

(d) importance of light to plants.

(e) Effect of temperature or water scarcity and the adaptations of animals.

Define the following terms and give one example for each:
(a) Commensalism
(b) Parasitism
(c) Camouflage
(d) Mutualism
(e) Interspecific competition

Select the statement which explains best parasitism.

How is diapause different from hibernation ?

List the various abiotic environmental factors factors.

If a marine fish is placed in a fresh water aquarium, will the fish be able to survive ? Why or why not ?

Define phenotypic adaptation. Give one example.

Most living organisms cannot survive at temperature at about 45°C. How are some microbes able to live in habitats with temperatures exceeding 100°C ?

An orchid plant is growing on the branch of mango tree. How do you describe this interaction between the orchid and the mango tree ?

What is the ecological principle behind the biological control method of managing with pest insect ?

Distinguish between the following :
(a) Hiberation and aestivation

(b) Ectotherms and endotherms.

Give an example for:
(a) An endothermic animal
(b) An ectothermic animal
(c) An organism of benthic zone

Define population and community

(a) List the different attributes that a population has and not an individual organism.

(b) What is population density ? Explain any three different ways the population density can be measured, with the help of an example each.

(a) Explain giving reasons why the tourists visiting Rohtang Pass or Mansarovar are advised to resume normal active life only after a few days of reaching there.

(b) It is impossible to find small animals in the polar regions. Give reasons.